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The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. It is located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and Admiralty Arch. It contains galleries, a theatre, two cinemas, a bookshop and a bar. Since 2011, the director has been Gregor Muir. ==History== The ICA was founded by Roland Penrose, Peter Watson, Herbert Read, Peter Gregory,〔Jane Drew to ''The Times'', 14 February 1959.〕 Geoffrey Grigson and E. L. T. Mesens in 1947. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy. The first exhibitions were held in rented premises organised by Penrose, "40 Years of Modern Art" was followed by "40,000 Years of Modern Art", reflecting his interest in primitivism. In the late 1940s, the ICA met in the basement of the Academy Cinema, 165 Oxford Street. The Academy Cinema building included the Pavilion, a restaurant, and the Marquee ballroom in the basement; the building was owned by George Hoellering, the film, jazz and big band promoter.〔Allen Eyles, ("Cinemas & Cinemagoing: Art House & Repertory" ), BFI Screenonline.〕 With the acquisition of 17 Dover Street, Piccadilly, in May 1950, the ICA was able to expand considerably. Ewan Phillips served as the first director. It was the former residence of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. The gallery, clubroom and offices were refurbished by modernist architect Jane Drew assisted by Neil Morris and Eduardo Paolozzi. Paolozzi decorated the bar area and designed a metal and concrete table with student Terence Conran.〔Massey, A. (1995). ''The Independent Group: modernism and mass culture in Britain, 1945-59''. Manchester (England): Manchester University Press. 〕 Ewan Phillips left in 1951, and Dorothy Morland was asked to take over temporarily, but stayed there as director for eighteen years, until the move to the more spacious Nash House.〔Sile Flower, Jean Macfarlane, Ruth Plant, ''Jane B. Drew, architect: A tribute from her colleagues and friends for her 75th birthday 24 March 1986'', p. 23. Bristol: Bristol Centre for the Advancement of Architecture, 1986. ISBN 0-9510759-0-X〕 The critic Reyner Banham acted as assistant Director during the early 1950s, followed by Lawrence Alloway during the mid to later 1950s. In its early years, the Institute organised exhibitions of modern art including Picasso and Jackson Pollock. A Georges Braque exhibition was held at the ICA in 1954. It also launched Pop art, Op art, and British Brutalist art and architecture. The Independent Group met at the ICA in 1952–1962/63 and organised several exhibitions, including ''This Is Tomorrow''. With the support of the Arts Council, the ICA moved to its current site at Nash House in 1968. For a period during the 1970s the Institute was known for its often anarchic programme and administration. Norman Rosenthal was director of exhibitions at this time, and he was once assaulted by a group of people who were living in the upper floors of the building at the time. A bloodstain on the wall of the administrative offices is preserved under glass, with a note reading "this is Normans's blood". Rosenthal claims the group which assaulted him included the actor Keith Allen. Bill McAllister was ICA Director from 1977 to 1990, when the Institute developed a system of separate departments specializing in visual art; cinema; and theatre, music and performance art. A fourth department was devoted to talks and lectures. Press Officer Sandy Broughton was responsible for publicizing the ICA in her tenure from 1978 to 1986, and she is credited with raising the profile of the Institute and bringing "a much-needed touch of professionalism to the ICA" Iwona Blazwick was Director of Exhibitions from 1986 to 1993. Other notable curatorial and programming staff have included: *Lisa Appignanesi, Deputy Director of ICA and Head of Talks, 1980–90, *James Lingwood, Exhibition Curator, 1986–90, *Michael Morris, Director of Theatre, *Lois Keidan, Director of Live Arts, 1992–97, *Catherine Ugwu, MBE, Deputy Director of Live Arts, 1991–97, *Simon Field, Director of Cinema, 1988–2004, *Tim Highsted, Deputy Director of Cinema, 1988–95, *Linda Brandon, Head of Talks, 1988–92, *Helena Reckitt, Deputy Director and Head of Talks, 1991–98, *Alan Read, Director of Talks, 1995–2002, *Emma Dexter, Director of Exhibitions, 1992–2000, * Jens Hoffmann, Director of Exhibitions, 2003–07 *Kate Bush, Deputy Director of Exhibitions, 1994–97. Mik Flood took over as director of the ICA in 1990 after McAllister's resignation. Flood announced that the Institute would have to leave its Mall location and move to a larger site, a plan which ultimately came to nothing. He also oversaw a sponsorship scheme whereby the electrical goods company Toshiba paid to have their logo included on every piece of ICA publicity for three years, and in effect changed the name of the ICA to ICA/Toshiba.〔Chin-Tao Wu, ''Privatising culture: corporate art intervention since the 1980s'', Verso, 2003, p. 145.〕 He was replaced as Director in 1997 by Philip Dodd. In 2002, the then ICA Chairman Ivan Massow criticised what he described as "concept art", leading to his resignation. The ICA appointed Ekow Eshun Artistic Director in 2005 following the departure of Philip Dodd. Under Eshun's directorship the Live Arts Department was closed down in 2008, the charge for admission for non-members was abandoned (resulting a reduction of membership numbers and a cash shortfall), the Talks Department lost all its personnel, and many commentators argued that the Institute suffered from a lack of direction. A large financial deficit led to redundancies and resignations of key staff. Art critic JJ Charlesworth saw Eshun’s directorship as a direct cause of the ICA’s ills. He criticized his reliance on private sponsorship, his cultivation of a "cool" ICA brand, and his focus on a cross-disciplinary approach that was put in place "at the cost," Charlesworth wrote, "of a loss of curatorial expertise." Problems between staff and Eshun, sometimes supported by the Chairman of the ICA Board, Alan Yentob, led to fractious and difficult staff relations. Eshun resigned in August 2010, and Yentob announced he would leave. The ICA appointed Mark Sladen as Director of Exhibitions in 2007 to replace Jens Hoffmann who was appointed Director of the Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts in 2006. Sladen left the post in 2010. Alison Myners replaced Alan Yentob as Chair of the ICA Council in October 2010. The ICA appointed Gregor Muir as its new Executive Director in January 2011, taking up his post on 7 February 2011. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Institute of Contemporary Arts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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